After the fall of France in June 1940 the British established a small, but well-trained and highly mobile, raiding and reconnaissance force known as the Commandos. They were to carry on the war against the Axis after the evacuation from Dunkirk. The Commando recruits were trained at special centres in Scotland. They learnt physical fitness, survival, orienteering, close quarter combat, silent killing, signalling, amphibious and cliff assault, vehicle operation, the handling of different weapons and demolition skills. Any man who failed to live up to the toughest requirements would be 'returned to unit' (RTU). The first small-scale Commando raids were of short duration and at night. Most were against coastal targets in Scandinavia, Northern France and the Channel Islands.