(b Belostok [now Białystok, Poland], 18 Apr. 1881; d Great Neck, NY, 4 Oct. 1961). Russian-born American painter, sculptor, printmaker, and writer, whose work more than that of any other American artist synthesized the latest European developments at the beginning of the 20th century. He emigrated to New York with his parents when he was 10. From 1905 to 1908 he travelled in Europe, studying in Paris at the Académie Julian and with Matisse, admiring early Cubism and becoming a friend of Henri Rousseau. After his return to New York in 1909 he rapidly became a controversial figure—no other American avant-garde artist of the time exhibited more widely or was more harshly attacked. His work was influenced by Fauvism and primitive art (he was one of the first American artists to show interest in it), but most importantly by Cubism (in sculpture as well as painting).