(b Döbeln, nr. Dresden, 31 July 1883; d Radolfzell am Bodensee, 27 Jan. 1970). German painter and graphic artist, one of the founders of Die Brücke. His work was somewhat more lyrical than that of the other members of the group and he showed a special concern for depicting sickness and inner anguish. His landscapes, too, sometimes have a decorative quality foreign to most German Expressionism. During the First World War, when he worked as a medical orderly in Flanders, his work became more melancholic and tragic. After the war, however, his painting lost much of its intensity, with pastel tones replacing the bold, sometimes harsh colours he had earlier used. In 1937 his work was declared degenerate by the Nazis and in 1944 his Berlin studio was destroyed in an air raid.