Painter, illustrator, printmaker and writer, educated in London. He studied at Camberwell School of Art, 1930–4, then Royal College of Art, 1934–8. His books included The Theatre Through the Ages, 1946; The Theatre at Work, 1947; and A History of Graphic Art, 1963. He was a member of the Authors’ Club and of the Society of Industrial Artists. Showed at RA, other London galleries and in the provinces. Later solo shows included one of landscape and theatrical subjects at Arts Club, 1982, and a retrospective at Southend Central Library, 1988. In his eighties he was working on theatrical subjects, portrait heads of literary figures and writing his memoirs. Lived latterly at Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex.